I Am All the Daughters of My Father's House, And All the Brothers Too...
Earlier this week, I managed to land tickets to see an RSC performance of Twelfth Night in Stratford. As you would expect, it was really very good. I love theatre but I try not drone on about it too much in case I sound like an am-dram pseud. However, I wanted to comment on this production because it tried really hard to tinker with our notion of gender and to use intelligent gender-blind casting, and I thought it was all the better for it.
If you don't know the play, here are a few important details. Two identical twins, one female and one male, are ship wrecked in Ilyria and separated, each assuming the other drowned. The female, Viola, disguised as male and adopting the name Cesario, takes work in the court of the Duke Orsino, helping him to woo a Countess, Olivia, who continues to shun the Duke's advances. During this wooing, however, Olivia falls in love with Cesario, not knowing that it is a female, whilst Viola falls in love with the Duke Orsino. As a sub-plot, Olivia's drunken Uncle, Sir Toby Belch, is finagling money from a foolish Knight/Yeoman, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, by convincing him that there is a possibility of him wooing his niece. As the play is resolved, Viola's twin brother turns up and is married to Olivia, Cesario is revealed as Viola, and declares her adoration for her master, Orsino, who recognises his love for her and asks for marriage. There are other characters and twists, which I won't mention, but you should read it or watch it anyway - its very good.
So what about the questioning of gender in this play? Well, obviously, when first performed, males would have taken all the roles since women were not included in Elizabethan theatre. What since happened is that women have been cast as Viola and dressed as a man for the appropriate parts of the play - Dames Peggy Ashcroft and Judy Dench have both given notable performances of the role played this way. Other variations have included actresses playing both Viola and her twin brother, that is, cast as both male and male-impersonator. In a recent interesting version, the actor Mark Rylands played the part of the Countess Olivia - this is a female character, so obviously, there is some tradition of twisting and playing with gender and the traditions of gendered casting with this play.
O.K., so what about the performance I went to see? Well Viola was played by a man, Chris New. This was interesting in that it cast a nod back to the Elizabethan traditions, but also, I think, a knowing nod to Rylands performance, and questions about gender and image raised by the play generally. Further, and especially interesting, the characters of Sir Toby Belch, his side-kick Fabien, and Sir Andrew Aguecheek, were performed by the actresses Marjorie Yates, Joanne Howarth, and Annabel Leventon. But, I don't think this particular production was simply saying "men can play women, and women can play men, lets be blind to gender on the stage". Rather, I think it was trying to suggest something else about our assuming gender as part of our societal roles, and how this can switch according to the roles we must play. For example, the same actors played maids to Olivia, and men-servants to Orsini. Anyway, looking at the programme afterwards I found this quote, which sort of confirmed my thoughts, from Judith Butler's "Imitation and Gender Insubordination":
"drag is not an imitation or a copy of some prior gender:... drag enacts the very structure of impersonation by which any gender is assumed. Drag is not the putting on of a gender that belongs properly to some other group... there is no "proper" gender, a gender proper to one sex rather than another, which is in some sense that sex's cultural property... Drag constitutes the mundane way in which genders are appropriated, theatricalised, worn, and done: it implies all gendering is a kind of impersonation and approximation"
I don't know if everyone came away from the play questioning what gender means, but it was really good to see something like this in a mainstream play by a mainstream company. Sadly, I think I've droned on about this enough to seem like an am-dram pseud, but I was impressed with it.